What internal and external sources are Essay Example for Free

What internal and external sources are EssayIntroductionIn this piece of coursework I result be describing what internal and external sources are. I will accordingly state which finance source Asda are most correspondingly to use and why.Internal sourcesInternal sources of finance can be either from a aires owners own saving or from the profit the logical argument makes.Owners fundThe owner of a business might draw to use on that point own savings to start there own business, especiall(a)y if they are a new sole trader. This is a person who owns and runs the business at the same time. The reason why their owners might flip to start of by using their savings is partially because banks are not willing to start out any risks and invest someone quickly.Retained profitRetained profit is when the money that is saved goes back to the business in order for it to grow and consider even bigger. When a business makes a profit, the owners have a choice either take out it the prof it from the business by way of dividend, or reinvest it by leaving profits in the business.Selling assetsSelling assets is any item that is owned by an individual or business, especially that which could be born-again to cash. Examples are cash, securities, accounts receivable, inventory, office equipment, real estate, a car, and other airscrew.External sourcesExternal sources of finance can be funded to help the business. They get help from a public figure of different external sources.Government grantsA grant is money that the regimen give to an entrepreneur that does not have to be paid back. The amount the government gives to the entrepreneur depends on where it is coming from. Grants help businesses when they most need the money.Hiring/Leasing assetsBusinesses often lease property machinery and vehicles (assets) for a short point of time. When businesses lease there property they make good money for it. The hatful that buy these for leasing/hiring pay for them and use the m but do not own them.Hire bargain forHire purchase means that resources can be used by the business while they are being paid for by a finance company. However, when the last remuneration is made the goods are not owned by the business anymore.Issuing sharesIssuing shares is a very good way for companies/businesses to raise finance. Small business will issue shares when they are transferring from sole trader or partnership to become limited, LTD. Limited companies are then able to sell shares. However, sometimes PLCs businesses will be able to have a new share issue and if they choose to invest a project they can.Venture capitalThese are people who invest in new things and usually return for a share of the owner ship. Venture capitalists provide money when banks have refused.Bank loansAll banks maintain loans. A loan is the same as a grant but with a loan you would have to pay the money back to the bank. So it is like borrowing, the bank will give your business a certain amount of money and you will have to pay the bank back. If this does not happen then your business can lose a lot of money and go down.Sources which Asda are most likely to useOwners funds are used in Asda. The manager would come to a point where he or she would have to use their own money for the business. The manager would be able to use there savings if the bank are not willing to take any risks. This way Asda can buy the things they need with the managers money such as equipment or technology.Retained profit is when the money that is saved goes back to the business in order for it to grow and get even bigger. When Asda make profit the manager would either take out the profit from the business and spend it within themselves or use the profit to buy things for the business for example equipment.Bank loans give Asda loans so that Asda can use the money on equipment, transport, pay there staff, training etc. Loans must be paid back to the bank, so once Asda have taken a loan from the bank they would give you a certain time to pay it back.Asda often hire/lease property, machinery and vehicles (assets) for a short period of time with a fee cost.When Asda are hiring or leasing property they make good money for it. The people that buy these for leasing/hiring pay for them and use them but do not own them. This money goes towards Asda and would help them gain more profit the more they hire their property. Asda hire people to deliver their stuff to customers when they order online. They in addition hire staff in order to serve the customers and keep the place running smoothly.Conclusion Overall, in this piece of coursework I have described all of the sources that include internal and external. I have also spoken about the sources Asda would use.

Substance abuse trends US Essay Example for Free

Substance ab custom trends US EssayDrug trends confine changed over many years and crude doses argon always evolving. It is difficult for enforcement agencies to keep up with the new drugs and the operate they are practiced. Drugs include methqualonein the 1970s then in the 1980s fluniyrazepam and more lately oxycodone hydrochloride. (Kozel, N. Sloboda, Z. 2003) The use of hemp, methamphetamine and heroin has observed an upward trend. . (Kozel, N. Sloboda, Z. 2003) One of the new methods of delivery was by filling cigars with cannabis were observed by African American teenagers in the 1990s and its use has spread. It was usual to have a malt liquor with them and it was called a blunt and is observed in many movies as well. . (Kozel, N. Sloboda, Z. 2003) Columbian heroin was gaining popularity as it was stronger then that from Asia and could be snorted. Marijuana was the most popular by far and crack cocaine became popular because it doesnt require to be injected and so less risk of acquiring HIV. (CBS news 2007)However injecting crack cocaine by mixing it with vinegar or lemon juice was observed. . (Kozel, N. Sloboda, Z. 003) In 2007 Cocaine and methamphetamine use among young adults declined significantly last year as supplies dried up, leading to juicyer prices and reduced purity, and the government reports. Overall use of illicit drugs showed little change. (Freking, K. 2008) The higher user of drugs in Hispanics and Poet Ricans. (Valdez, A. 2005) It is also more common amongst males in these groups who see it as macho or manly amongst Hispanics and a part of their identity . Also these groups face a lot of problems and poverty.There is higher unemployment and low emphasis on education. Access to health is limited. Hispanics have a cholo identity which is street based identity with a street based social network. This is often through generations and the most common drug abused is Heroin. (Valdez, A. 2005) Cholo personal identity which was an oppo sitional culture in these communities that developed a distinct language patterns, style of dress, tattoos, car culture, music.Sometimes referred to as a pachuco lifestyle (e. g. oot suit 1940s) (Valdez, A. 2005) Drug use is a means to act out macho values or risk taking, excess, to demonstrate socially valued toughness and craziness. Hypermasculinity in its exaggerated form includes fighting, daring deeds, seducing women, asserting independence from women, etc. (Valdez, A. 2005) there has been a victimisation of these groups and arrests due to drug laws have targeted Hispanics making a lot of them beyond the evanesce of organisations willing to help.About one in five adults in the U.S acknowledge the use of drugs Drug use in the 50-59 age group change magnitude as more baby boomers join the category . (CBS,2007) In Mexican culture, men often feel honour and pride when they are the protectors of their families. These traditional attitudes are influenced by the Catholic faith and t he importance of family in the Mexican culture. Yet, embracing these traditional attitudes may lead to a greater risk for problems such as depression, substance abuse, violence and reluctance to seek psychological assistance. (Nauert, R. 2008)The use of drugs in school age children is an increasing problem . here is it leading to serious damage. (Califano, J. 2007) correspond to the National Institute on Drug Abuses 2002 monitoring the Future Study, 53% of high school seniors reported using an illicit drug at least once in their lives, 41% within the past year, and 25. 4% within the past month (Drug data summary 2003) .A lot of criminals are on drugs and acquiring in 2000, Americans spent an estimated $36 billion on cocaine, $11 billion on marijuana, $10 billion on heroin, $5. billion on methamphetamine, and $2. 4 billion on other illegal substances (Drug data summary 2003) Drug related crime can be due to its use or sell and acquiring drugs. Drugs modify individual behaviour and can generate violence and illegal activity. In 2006 5. 3percent of homicides were drug related. In the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and federal Correctional Facilities, 32% of state prisoners and 26% of federal prisoners said they had committed their current offence while under the influence of drugs.Among state prisoners, drug offenders (44%) and airplane propeller offenders (39%) reported the highest incidence of drug use at the time of the offence. Among federal prisoners, drug offenders (32%) and violent offenders (24%) were the most likely to report drug use at the time of their crimes. (BJS, 2006) It can be seen that the cost to the society can be immense. From small robberies to the fear of gangs and gun crime to murders. It is hard to say the total clashing to a society in the form of lost labour . there is the spread of HIV, HBV and HCV which are hard to cure and can be transferred to families.The costs in terms of health and financing healthcare for these diseases ca n be extremely expensive and emotionally difficult as often these diseases are terminal. It is a high price to pay for the occasional thrill that some drug abusers seek. Dealing with the problem has always been difficult as new drugs emerge and drugs become cheaper to have wider appeal. Also the culture of night clubs and alcohol has seen a college and university students embrace drugs without much thought as to the consequences.Drinks get spiked in clubs and often result in sexual exploitation of young women . Arrests and drug laws to prevent drugs being freely available may increase the availability on the black market alone this results in supplies being unsafe and even further danger to drug users. Education in schools and at risk communities doesnt often create the clashing it should. For example in the Hispanic groups where a lot of arrests on drug laws were targeted often dont want to trust authorities who are stressful to tackle this problem.In conclusion the costs to any society are high and drug use is increasingly a problem of developed countries accord to the WHO. Legal and illegal use of drugs was most strongly associated with age, sex, and income. Higher income was associated with a greater likelihood of drug use for all drug types examined, which is perhaps non surprising given that drug use requires disposable income. Relationship status was linked to illegal (but not legal) drug use both cocaine and cannabis use were more likely among persons who had never been married or previously been married.These associations remained statistically robust after adjustment for age, sex, and the other variables considered here. The US, which has been driving much of the worlds drug research and drug policy agenda, stands out with higher levels of use of alcohol, cocaine, and cannabis, despite punitive illegal drug policies, as well as (in many US states), a higher minimum legal alcohol drinking age than many comparable developed countries. The Netherlan ds, with a less criminally punitive plan of attack to cannabis use than the US, has experienced lower levels of use, particularly among younger adults.

Arrys document Essay Example for Free

Arrys enrolment EssayFor the person specification I again apply Ms backchat to created the document. I used Ms Word when creating my document because it is easier to insert get acrosss. I state a shortened compend explaining why it is primary(prenominal)(prenominal) for the croupedidate to represent all the criteria the document is asking for. This makes it aware for the standdidate to know before hand. This is why I get to explained in enlarge so that the chance can provide all the necessary documents and evidence he/she require to prepare before applying for the post. The second thing I have is insert a table so that I can list all the knowledge that candidate should have when they apply for the post.In the table I have mentioned how candidate would be tested on their skills. I think that it is important to test the skills and inform them earlier as candidate can prepare to be tested. I have used bullet points with presently points telling what is needed. I believe listing all the necessary informing in bullet points makes it easier to cast. If I was going to write the whole specification in long paragraphs then it would have been very boring and time consuming for the candidate to read. I chose to keep the document round-eyed with bold font and clearer by being short and to the point with bold font to help enhance the look for of the document.I believe in my document the main point that I think I stated was important is that applicant should be aged 18 or above. This is because candidate should be handling or selling alcohol when needed so therefore I complied with the Employment equality (age) regulations 2006. So therefore I think it is very important for the company to inform the candidate before hand so that they could know the legal requirements because if they dont then the company could face the possibility of getting sued. From the previous line of work two I took slightly(prenominal) of the culture which I thought wo uld be useful.So from that document I make quite a similar person specification according to the position as a check out assistance. First, I insert a table to make the document look to a greater extent professional and use form- besides(prenominal) language so that the layout is satisfactory to both the company and the applicant. I also kept the document simple and in detail such as by presenting all the information, to be shown in a table to make the document look much professional and use formal language so that the layout is satisfactory to both the company and the applicant.I personally think that my document was not that good from rest of my group members documents because there were whatsoever of the information points were missing and it was not designed to a very high standard document. This is the main reason it was not chosen. I only include some of the basic information that needs to be in a person specification such as the qualification, skills required and relevant experiences because the information I provided could have been added more to it.When making comparison to Arrys document he has got all the information in a depth explanation on what the criteria of the check out assistant should have been. Also on the second page he has got a brief summary of what each criteria means and what short of candidate the company is facial expression for. By this it should be very clear for any applicant who is interested in the job position as it has all the necessary information that needs to be known by the applicant. Chelsea and my person specification had only the basic information and there were not explained in a depth information similar Arry.In the meeting we discussed the good and the bad points of each our documents so that we could come up with a final document. All of us had most of the important bits of information but we figure it out that Arry s document was the best among all of us as he had all the important bits of information and not only to that he had an extra page expending more on why all the criteria so that it make clear sense for the candidate to understand it compensate better. His document stood out best when comparing from rest of our document as well informative and it looked very professional to a very high standard.In his documents there were all the necessary information we had in our document but there were more on his document than ours. So therefore we all concur that we chose Arrays document. We thought that we did not need to add anything to the document and that was the final document for the person specification. However, the layout of the document was created together. For the job advert I produced using Ms publisher because I believe all the job advertisement are produced there.As it has got the right format of the layout guides and custom layout to designed the document which in result can look professional in nature. The document I have produced is straight forward in informing the p osition of a job vacancy. The important information are in bold font and the font size is bigger than the normal size of the text. By doing this it makes my advert stand out and more openhearted to a wider range of applicant and making it easier for the applicant to grab the main points and to see the main points.I have taken some of the information from lying-in two while I had created my advert. These are the things I have considered which are I included a logo of my company to make it look more professional and eye catching as well as it enables for the candidate to see different ethnic staff ASDA employ. Also, I included a panorama of ASDA staff as it helps the applicant to see the dress code and uniform that applicant should be wearing when they are working at the company.I used clear, simple language so that the font style and the size of the applicants would find it easy to read. I stated the main important information in the offset printing with bold text, bigger font si ze with short cut sentences so that the document is attractive making it easier for the applicant to grab the main points of the advert. The second main point I included a brief summary stating the responsibili sleeper gobys with bullet points . Then at last I stated a brief summary of the job description and company description will be shown.I tried to kept my document simple to the point because it will help the readers to see the information much quicker. As I think that giving too much unnecessary information close to the job position in a job advert will be a waste for the applicant to read and it does not help enhance the overall document rather it makes it look unprofessional. I have created my job advert by using the help of task 2 where I considered some of the useful information applying in some of the useful bits and applied the information to my document where I thought it would be suitable.Again all of us had some of the basic information that needed to be in a job adv ert like the details of the job vacancy for instance in a table everyone had included what the job is about and giving details of the location of the job, hours, salary etc. We thought these were the main important parts that needed to be included in the document as without it, it would no have made any sense for the applicant to understand what the purpose of the document and its job vacancy position. Also all of us had included short paragraphs of what kind of candidate the company is looking for.We believed that stating a brief description would briefly tell them what the job entails and gives an overview. All of our document layout were clear and short making it interesting for the readers to follow and read. In everyone documents they have include the main responsibilities and key task, explaining in brief description of the job role and what kind of candidate they want to recruit. We thought It was important to state this because it will ensure that candidate have the skills t o perform the job before they apply for the position.There was a tie between whose job advert to choose between Ben and Chelsie as both of their advert were equally good. It was quite a hard choice to make as the decision to whom to choose. But comparing twice made us pick Chelsie as her advert was more in an informative way such as she had used simple language, short paragraphs and bullet points. This makes it easier for both the candidate and the reader to read it more clearly and does not take time for them to go through such in detail because it is straight forward to the point on what kind of candidate the company is looking for .It has got all the necessary information of the job. What made it stand out from the rest of our document is that Chelsie document is simple clear to read and understand and short paragraph. Also the fact that she has state a brief summary of the company history like why it is so popular to have a career in ASDA and the benefits of joining the company makes it attractive and sympathetic for the candidate to have a career at ASDA because of their huge growing numbers of location ASDA has got.

Consumer Segment Analysis of Mobile Phone Market

Consumer Segment Analysis of Mobile Phone merchandiseAnthony NolanSize of current commercialiseAccording to the Commission for Communications Regulation (COMREG) (Q4, 2015), ho using uph old(a) broadband penetration rate for two repair and wide awake services was at 83% which is higher(prenominal) than the EU aver succession by 3%.Mobile device minutes in communications stood at a massive 73.8% of the marketplace, leaving on 26.2% for fixed line communications. Mobile minutes showed an increase of 1.4% from the previous quarter.There was an annual increase of 56.6% of nomadic drug users actively victimization the 4G standard on the same stop in 2014.Subscriptions to mobile engagements increased by 0.36% on the previous quarter however broadband subscriptions saw a decrease of 4.5% on quarter three. This is probably due to many providers now bundling a broadband allowance in with subscription offers.Finally in the last quarter of 2015, average r eveningue per user was on a d ownward trend comp ared to the same quarter in 2014. Mobile users spent an average of 24.62 per calendar month in the final quarter compared to 25.00 per month a year previously. Again, this is believed to be a result of package bundling affecting revenue intake according to ComReg (2015)Structure and Nature of the Current MarketThe four main mobile scream operators in Ireland are Vodafone, O2 (owned by the 3 network), Meteor and the 3 network stand-alone operator (separate from O2) (ComReg 2015). The five smaller providers available are PostPhone (An Post), Tesco Mobile, Dixons/Carphone Warehouse ID Mobile, LycaMobile Ireland and Blueface Mobile.All four (Vodafone, O2, Meteor and 3 Network) of the main providers purport to supply the following to consumers according to ComReg (2015)Pre gestate and post-pay services to two personal and business customer sections.Voice, SMS and data services to a give tongue to 99% of the public, meaning they claim to grow the whole of Ireland and break throughlying islands covered with their network signal.Each of the four main networks supply second generation (2G), ternary generation (3G) and fourth generation (4G) technology to their users.All five of the smaller mobile providers in Ireland (PostPhone, Tesco Mobile, Dixons/Carphone Warehouse ID Mobile, LycaMobile Ireland and Blueface Mobile) do non have their own infrastructure networks. Instead they utilise the current main network providers and rent a mobile virtual network operation (MVNO) which gives them the ability to offer their own branded retail service to consumers.Tesco Mobile Ireland has entered into an MVNO commercial locating with O2 (Hutchison 3 Ireland) to allow its dealings to be carried on the O2 network. Tesco Mobile Ireland is available to personal customers only. (ComReg 2015)An Post PostPhone has entered into an MVNO commercial arrangement with Vodafone to allow its traffic to be carried. Unlike other providers PostPhone does non have a un ique prefix and instead effectively resells minutes carried from Vodafone and then(prenominal) differentiates (Re Brands) those minutes at the retail level. PostPhone is available to personal customers only. (ComReg 2015)Like Tesco Mobile Ireland, LycaMobile has an arrangement with O2 Ireland. LycaMobile offers by the minute rates and bundle packages for subscribers. They do not offer traditional pre-pay or bill pay options. (ComReg 2015)Blueface Mobile has entered into an MVNE (Mobile Virtual Network Enabler) with X-Mobility Limited, which is a sub-division of Hutchison 3 Ireland. Blueface sells both prepay and post-pay subscriptions to Business Only consumers. Like PostPhone, Blueface is reselling 3 Network minutes under its own brand. (ComReg 2015)Dixons/Carphone Warehouse ID Mobile is an MVNO of Hutchison 3 Ireland. ID offers a pay-monthly option which pick outs with a handset ( measurementpay) over a fixed term and also offers a sim-only thirty mean solar day rolling subscri ption. (Siliconrepublic, 2015)Expected Technological Trends for the side by side(p) Decade (2016-2025)Looking to the future, there are some expected and some predicted advances that go away be do. The sway is not endless(prenominal) and some of the most effective advances are listed hereCloud Storage Right now overcast storage is available moreover Chris Nickson of atechnologysociety.co.uk predicts that ALL mobile phone storage in the future testament be off-device.Everything from storing photographs and video to uploading video and audio from ones computer will go to the cloud.A potential fall off of tribe buying peripherals like SD Cards.Smaller hard drives on phonesMore space inwardly the phone case leading to potentially smaller devicesSoftware (Apps) installed and stored on the cloudGreater phone security through central servers (Cloud)Contacts stored on the cloudAccess anywhere in the worldPossible cost issues for finance needful to upgrade cloud servers and security Cost savings on handset manufacture as a result of less hardware required within the handset.(Nickson, C. 2013)Solar powered handsets In developing countries, solar power could conceivably actually charge the handset with the use of just a small solar panel. (Nick T, 2015)Augmented Reality (AR)One will be able to open the camera app and point it anywhere in the street to be shown a list of businesses and establishments on-screen overlaid on the display. (Poe, M. 2015)Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) technology.Wafer thin screens that asshole be folded and which can show different output media on either side. One could show a video to a friend on the back of the phone while inputting data on the front.Due to physical flexibility, this technology could also be languid as a wristwatch and taken off, and unfolded to become a mobile device. (Poe, M. 2015)In-Built ProjectorMobile phones that can project epitomes and/or video directly onto a border or screen (Poe, M. 2015)3D Screens and HologramsMaking an image or video projection appear to be separate from the device actually emitting it. (Poe, M. 2015)5G and beyond.Using less bandwidth than 4GUsing less power than 4GEnabling a broader spectrum of frequency for connectionFaster connection speeds to Internet(Gregory, M.A., 2015)Kinetic Thermal PowerUsing sensible movement and heat to recharge mobile devices (Levars, N. 2016)Discarded Mobile Phone Technology a problem Developing countries like those in Africa are before long a dumping ground for the Worlds discarded mobile detritus. As we progress in the first world, these dumps will nurture larger and larger. A final result may be needed in the more distant future (Nickson, C. 2013)Demographic and Psychographic Description of the Younger Sub-Segment of the Consumer MarketCurrently, yenphone ownership is biased towards the younger age groups but with the increasing penetration in the market, this could very well change in the near future. (Red C, 2012)That survey by RED C was taken in 2012 and what was true then is doubly true today in 2016. Back in 2012 some 32% of Irish people owned a smart phone (Red C, 2012). Today that number has increased to 96% and that is just in one segment, the 15 to 35 year old bracket. (Thinkhouse Mobile, 2015)SO, what do people in the 18 to 25 year old segment use their smartphone for?According to the current survey from Thinkhouse (2015), the Youth Communications Agency, the following statistics ring trueIn 2015, the following uses were made of mobile phones from 18 to 25 year oldsType of Mobile Phone Subscription56% of 18-25 family Olds opted for Bill soften subscriptions.44% of 18-25 Year Olds opted for the Pay As You Go optionGeneral uptake66% employ for email23% used on traditional SMS messaging (* rarify from a peak of 66% in late 2011)59% used for YouTube30% used for online television from paid subscription sites such(prenominal) as Netflix or experience Film. tender Media Use92% of mobile phone users in the 18-25 year old demographic used their phones for Facebook36% used for TwitterCommercial Use4% of people in this segment pay for online purchases on their mobile. The other 83% opted to pay on their computer. 13% did not conduct online purchases.78% of people compared the price of products online before proceeding to buy the product in-storeContent63% of this demographic prefer non-gaming apps. They prefer apps that serve a purpose for them.37% of this demographic prefer to have fun while using apps, either playing games or watching entertainment(All data supplied by Thinkhouse Mobile Youth report 2015.pdf, except *, by ComReg, 2015)It is also stated in this review by Thinkhouse media that the primary use of a mobile phone for this segment is to pass around school textbook messages. However this is contradictory to the research submitted by ComReg (above). ComReg state that SMS sending is down some 43% from 2011. The difference can be explained by the arrival o f apps that send messages for unaffectionate such as Facebook Messenger and Viber, among many others. (Inner-Active, 2011)Market Research Suggestion for the Next Five YearsTel-Eir should look to garner as lots in doion as possible before deciding on phone tariffs, prices, bundles and pay as you go or bill pay options.As this conjunction is starting out the first thing that needs to be known is, primarily what the publics appetite is for a new provider and secondarily what the public wishing from a new phone network provider. Whether Tel-Eir can deliver upon the publics desires will be a case of understanding the research results.Initial Research modeHaving thought about the best types of research and studied many methods, it has been decided to advise Tel-Eir to carry out Personal Interviewing (Kotler et al, 2012) initially in order to get an understanding of what the publicLike about the currently available providersDont like about the currently available providersLike to do o n their handsetsAre not bothered with doing on their handsetsThink about the hardware and limitations of their handsetsWould desire if they had the chance to choose option plans for a providerThink about the costs problematic with owning a mobile phoneFeel is the main reason for owning a mobile phoneWould need to switch to a different networkThis information is required so that Tel-Eirs marketing staff can use the information on Buyer Decision Making processes to form an educated opinion of what burthen to enter the market at.According to Donald S. Tull and Del I. Hawkins in their book, Marketing Research Measurement and Method (1993), Personal Interviewing, while being expensive is the best way to glean a lot of information quickly. They state that Personal InterviewingIs Excellent for FlexibilityIs Excellent for Quantity of data received unspoiled for control of sampleGood for speed of data collectionGood for response rateMore expensive than other methods of collecting informati onBy sending personal interviewers out into the busy thoroughfares of the five main Cities in Ireland, it is expected that a lot of accurate opinions can be acquired and from that information Tel-Eir will be better laid to formulate a strategy for market entry. Ongoing Research Going forward, it is believed that Tel-Eir should continuously keep an eye on both competitors movements and new offers in the market and also on the changing demographic that are purchasing its product.It is advised that every year, Tel-Eir should partake inSales Forecasting, to know what the future holds for people proceed to purchase new handsets and plansOngoing Segmentation Research, to determine the demographic, psychographic, cultural, and behavioural characteristics of potential buyers. (Wikipedia, 2016)Brand Equity, in order to get a feel for what the public retrieve of our brandCustomer Satisfaction, in order to understand our current users feelings about our productDemand Estimation, so that Tel -Eir can plan ahead and possibly apprehension the offers and bundles being made to the publicMain Product OfferingHaving already completed some market research on current mobile phone network operators it is felt that Tel-Eir should not use a Mobile Virtual Network Operation (MVNO) in which Tel-Eir piggybacks upon a network that is currently owned by a larger company like Vodafone for example. Purchasing statistics for such network providers is not good and it is felt that only by gaining its own licence can Tel-Eir truly become competitive in the market. (Irish Independent, March 2016)According to research, Tel-Eirs placeing of the youth segment (18-25 Year olds) should include the following attributesBoth Bill Pay and Pay as you Go should be offeredHigh End and Low End handsets should be offeredFree Internet minutes should be a major instalment of any bundles offeredTraditional Text Messaging (SMS) is not as definitive as it once was and should not be preponderating to offers. 1. Offering Both Bill Pay and Pay as you Go BundlesThis should take the form of long term Bill Pay contracts with an offer of a free handset (slightly outdated) or a cheaper handset (a little more recent) or an expensive handset (latest on the market).It is also advisable that the price of the handset while signing up for a long term bill pay contract should be connected to the monthly contract price. As an example, if one wants a handset from the latest range but with a cheap monthly contract, then one pays more initially for the handset. However, if one wants an expensive phone with an expensive monthly contract, then the phone could be offered free of charge, depending upon the length of contract signed up to. It is advised that for the latter, a two year contract be set as the minimum. In this way the cost of the handset can be recovered over the duration of the contract.It is advised that Tel-Eir offer a month by month rolling contract. This new style of attracting customers ha s proven popular amongst the low waged and unwaged. Tel-Eir should offer an internet allowance and perhaps a text message (SMS) allowance with this. As SMS is decreasing in popularity, offering unlimited SMS messages will appear to be a good offer but in reality will not be used as much as it may have been previously.Tel-Eir, in order to be competitive should offer Pay As You go top up options in the following amounts5 top ups for the unwaged and those in education10 top ups for the unwaged and low waged but slightly better off, such as single parents on social welfare, those in college receiving a grant, and those who are on schemes and low paid jobs who may not be able to generate larger top ups.15 top ups for convenience and as a bridge between the low waged and unwaged segment and those in gainful employment20 top ups with added data and SMS allowances for those that use this option.25 and 50 top ups for the business customer who is too busy to top up very often and does not li ke to use bill pay. This is expected to be rare, but having it available will be a new option for the public.All of the above tariffs are guides only. It is of course understood that an unwaged person will on occasion top up by 50 and that a business user will on occasion top up by 5 or 10. The points made are specifically aimed at those segments that will predominantly spend in the stated behaviours.It should be allowed that all top ups and bill pay options can be paid by Credit/Debit Card and that a facility exists for both online payment and direct debit.(All above information gained from ComReg, 2015)2. Handset ChoiceThe variety of handset offered is preponderating in importance for the sale of Tel-Eirs network product. The profit is in the sale of the different tariffs and bundles. However that sale will not happen unless Tel-Eir sells the hardware that the public have come to expect and associate with popular and victorious network brands.Therefore, it is advised that Tel-Ei r sell all of the latest handsets from all of the most popular manufacturers.It is also advised that Tel-Eir try to get exclusive rights to an upcoming handset from a major supplier. Even short term exclusivity would be beneficial.3. Free Internet MinutesFrom research already collated, it is clear that connection to the Internet is of paramount importance to the public. There are so many things that a mobile phone user can do from being connected to the Internet. This is also paramount in lessening the use of the network throughput from SMS messages. Using the Internet will allow people to send instant messages using apps through third party servers, lessening the load on Tel-Eirs hardware.Having a good Internet allowance package available to them, will give the public the freedom to use their phones as they have been used to with the current major brands on the market. Tel-Eir should look to compete very favourably in this area. (The Atlantic, 2014)Lessening Importance of SMS Mess agesAs users turn to third party apps for sending instant messages over the Internet, they are turning away from the traditional paid for SMS messages. It appears as though this trend will continue into the future. As a result of this, Tel-Eir should offer generous SMS bundles with offers secure in the knowledge that these will sell a product to a potential subscriber but once sell, will not be used very much at all. It is all about the offer appearing to be good nourish for money.Positioning and PromotionPositioning is not what your company physically does to a product-it is what your company does to a target customers mind (marsdd.com, 2015).The above statement is the most important thing to keep in mind when presenting Tel-Eirs new product to the market.The basics of positioning the product effectively in the market must be adhered to. These fundamentals areA customer decides to buy a product based upon the positioning of that productAll customers have an idea of what the market presents, by using a mental mapPositioning is not something that exists in the product but in the mind of the customerOnce a customers mind is made up about product positioning, it is not easily changedPositionings first task is to present the relevance of a product.If one makes the product easier to purchase, then the product will be easier to sell. (marsdd.com, 2015)With the above tenets in mind therefore, Tel-Eir should pay particular attention to the followingWhy does this product solve the consumers problems?What product offering will attract the most to the consumer?What do consumers want the most from this type of product?What do consumers not want from this type of product? (brainmates.com)From the above presented problems one must come to the conclusion that Communication is the key to positioning and promoting a product. How does a company get from positioning to communication? See Fig 1.1 (next page)Therefore using the image in Fig 1.1 the company must decide upon its b est avenue for answering these questions. Fig 1.1 (marsdd.com)Known VariablesIt has been decided that Tel-Eir will target the 18-25 year old market segment initially.Questions and AnswersWhat will be the compelling reason for Tel-Eirs customers to buy?From market research the compelling reason will be based upon a sound Internet usage (data allowance) strategy. This is will enable the youth market consumers to use our product exactly the way that the evidence points to them wanting to use it.What will be Tel-Eirs initial product placement strategy in order to get the product into the minds of the target segment?Firstly, Tel-Eir will come up with an exquisite slogan and product package. The packaging will be of paramount importance. The logo of the brand and the words used are no less important. The statement used in promoting the product should include the primary appeal of the package offering.Taking into account the age group of the target segment, Tel-Eir will promote the produc t through the following channelsCreation of an interactive websiteBrochures in existing technology shops and phone shops that sell all network carriersPotential customer email campaignsSocial Media advertisement campaignStar Actor television advertisementBillboard advertising for viewing by this segment as they travel in day to day pursuitsAttempt to get product used in a broadcast venture such as a soap opera or a feature filmGive away a limited amount of the product to various organisations such as Written and Broadcast media for use in competitions and to colleges and schools again as possible competition prizesAttend trade fairs and extol the virtues of the productAttend third level college events and provide brand stint items such as key fobs and perhaps some academic motivators such as rulers, paper, calculators and the like. Perhaps also give away tee shirts at such events. Also include product literature.What will the products key benefit be as promoted to the customer?A ke y benefit will be a ground breaking offer on Internet data allowance. Tel-Eir will offer all customers an never before seen amount of data for all users regardless of top up amount or bill pay tariff. Naturally the amount will be incrementally more the more a consumer spends. However even at the lowest spend, consumers should see an unequalled (in the market) amount of data being supplied.A key benefit will be the offering of free text (SMS) bundles. The higher a consumer pays the more free SMS messages they receive up to a maximum of completely free SMS messages.A key benefit will be Tel-Eirs competitive offers of new and recent handsets at either free or very low priced amounts.Tel-Eir will also offer an insurance incentive for handsets soldTel-Eir will also allow all consumers to top up or pay bills online, at various pay points, by direct debit or over the phone using customer serviceWhat competitor will be closest to Tel-Eirs offering in the market?Both Vodafone and Meteor wil l resemble Tel-Eirs offering however it is believed that Tel-Eir will be able to supply an even better product offering that both of those competitors.What is the key difference between Tel-Eirs offering and the chief competitors?The intended key differences will beTel-Eir will offer more data allowance for similar pricesTel-Eir will offer free SMS (varying) amounts at ALL top up or bill pay levelsTel-Eir will offer handsets at lower prices than the competition.Positioning StatementFinally, Tel-Eir will pay particular attention to its selling statement for consumers. The statement will include the most important variablesIt will clearly and effectively identify the target segmentIt will make the product offering effective, convincing, compelling and will be backed up by credible evidenceIt will reflect the target segments needs and localeIt will be explainable in a very few wordsThe positioning statement will take the format ofFor (target segment or customer) who (a compelling reaso n to buy) our product is a (products placement) that provides (key benefit that directly addresses the compelling reason to buy), unlike (primary competitor of the same benefit) our product (key difference). (marsdd.com)Bibliography curb ReferencesPrinciples of Marketing, Kotler And Armstrong (2012), Pearson Prentice anteroom, P110.Marketing Research Measurement and Method, 7th edition, Donald S. Tull and Del I. Hawkins, (New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 1993)Marketing Plans (6th edition), McDonald, Malcolm (2007), Oxford, England Butterworth-HeinemannMarketing Research A Decision-Making Approach, Malhotra, Naresha K. (2002), Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice HallPublication ReferencesIrish Independent Newspaper, 1st July 2014 edition, Business Technology Section, Independent News and Media 2014Online Referenceshttp//www.comreg.ie/_fileupload/publications/PR10032016.pdfhttp//www.comreg.ie/_fileupload/publications/ComReg1246.pdf. P22 et alhttps//www.siliconrepublic.com/comms/201 5/07/02/id-is-irelands-latest-mobile-operator-and-its-out-soon. P17 18http//www.atechnologysociety.co.uk/cloud-computing-future.html. (Chris Nickson 2013)http//www.phonearena.com/news/Did-you-know-that-Samsung-launched-the-first-solar-powered-cell-phone_id67493 (Nick T, 2015)http//www.hongkiat.com/blog/future-smartphone-features/. (M.Poe 2015)http//phys.org/news/2015-04-5g-wireless-technology.html. (Mark A. Gregory, 2015)http//www.gizmag.com/energy-harvesting-shoes/41796/. (Nick Levars, 2016)http//inner-active.com/2011/08/10/5-reasons-the-new-facebook-messenger-app-will-kill-sms-and-5-reasons-it-wont/ (Hillel Fuld 2011)https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_researchhttp//www.comreg.ie/_fileupload/publications/ComReg1617a.pdfhttp//www.theatlantic.com/ administration/archive/2014/01/why-texting-is-dying-out/441507/https//www.brainmates.com.au/how-to/%E2%80%9Chow-to%E2%80%A6-%E2%80%9D-position-a-producthttps//www.marsdd.com/mars-library/positioning-creating-an-image-of-your-product-in your-target-customers-mind/

An Overview Of A Constructions Productivity Construction Essay

An Overview Of A twistings Productivity anatomical structure EssayRecently, social structure productiveness is on a long- limit slide and it is recognized as pains challenge. System, people, materials, information and energy must f slump impressively and efficiently to produce its objective at luxuriously productivity to bring about eddy at lowest possible toll with possible shortest prison termframe (Picard, 2005).Productivity is critically important in reflection industry. Many researchers discombobulate expressed their vex over productivity in braid industry. Defining productivity is not a simple task to everybody. Different people give give different definition and understanding. Most of them agreed that marketable output was essentially the main measure employmentd.Increased productivity was a leading concern to all Committee stakeholders such as users, contractors, and aspect dig unions and led by the owner. The crook users emphasized the enquire of collect ing info reckonly applicable to productivity cash advance. The Committee was concluded that the front-line construction foreman/supervisor would be a reliable source of information. These informants would be asked to provide their judgment of the greatest impediments to a productive construction learn (Tucker, 2003).Definition of productivityWithin these several decades, many researchers attain defined the productivity term in their studies in a number of ways. The term productivity has different meanings to different people. Many individuals automatically think lone(prenominal) of lug unions when the term productivity is mentioned. Others associate capital expenditures with the term. for each one of these interpretations is only partly correct (Adrian, 1993). Many researchers scram attempted to define precisely the meaning of productivity and below atomic number 18 most of it that referred from their studiesOglesby et al. (1989), presented that productivity washstand b e defined as in-place value divided by inputs . Some researchers have defined it as whole kit-hours divided by the equivalent quantity of work. In construction, productivity normally potty be understood as work quantity divided by man-hours (or work-hours) consumed to accomplish the work.Productivity = Work QuantityMan-hours gibe to Dolman, Parham, Zheng, (2007), productivity is a measure in order to know how much output is produced per unit of input.Diewert Lawrence, (2006) presented that productivity can be defined as the take of sparing output per unit of input and overly per worker. Productivity is important to the wealth and well-being of a nation and give efforts to improve productivity egest at all take aims of society.According to Hwang and Liu, (2005), productivity is an effective index that can indicate output of construction work quantity versus the input of resources. Productivity of a crew is directly impacts the cost and time needed to complete a task. By ana lyzing and forecasting productivity, project make outr can be more than effective to control and predict project time and cost throughout execution up to completion.Thomas and Mathew, (1986) presented that no standardized productivity definition had been established in the construction industry. It is difficult to define a standard productivity measure because companies use their own systems which are not standardized. Association simply illustrates the productivity amid an output and an input. The form has been widely used and existing in literature over the years in construction industry is Productivity = Input/ railroad sidingProkopenko, (1987), defined the productivity as effective and efficient utilization of all resources, dig up, visualizet and materials.According to Jugdev, et al.,(2001), productivity is a ratio between inputs and outputs. In figure the productivity, it is important to specify the inputs and outputs that to be measured because there are many inputs suc h as labors, materials, equipments, tools, capital and design in construction system.Uusi-Rauva and Hannula, (1996), presented that productivity can be defined as internal capacity of the organization or other object to be measured. A more precise definition of productivity is the following output divide by the input that is used to generate output. Output is consists of products or services and input is consists of materials, labor, capital, energy, etc. Productivity is not only affected by the quantities of inputs and outputs but also the qualities of inputs and outputs.According to Halligan, et al., (1994), there are many ways to define productivity. In construction, it is usually taken to mean labor productivity which is units of work placed or produced per man-hour.Teicholz, (2004), verbalise that productivity in construction industry was measured by constant contract dollars of new construction work per hourly work hourThe Bureau of ram Statistics (BLS, 2009) of the U.S. De partment of Labor was defines productivity into two type which are labor productivity and multi actor productivity. Labor productivity can be measures as output per hour of labor and it is used in over 40 industries including construction. Productivity can be metrical by dividing the quantity of work completed (Quantity) by number of labor hours used to complete the work (Man Hours). A productivity value represents performance of an cognitive border with respect to time and cost, where activity duration and activity cost is directly affected by productivity.Duration (Hours) = Quantity of works(Quantity / Man Hours)= Quantity of WorksProductivityThe formula above indicates how critical the reliability of the productivity factors in estimation time.Measurement of productivityThere is controversy surrounding productivity that root in the differences in data collection. It is due to incorrect in assuming productivity measured uniformly and that all published productivity values have the same basis (Whiteside, 2006)Overall conception of productivity is difficult to express or to measure. It is sometimes expressed either in terms of output from labor or from services or from capital invested. These parts of expressions often do not give an accurate picture of the overall position. Although, there are measurements of some or all of the inputs and outputs of the industry but they still failed to combine these measurements into any satisfactory measure of efficiency. In fact, the ratio is easy to compute if the unit uses a single input to produce a single output (Choy, 2008).According to Whiteside, (2006), production is average direct labor hours to install a unit material. He also stressed that in perfect realness, perfect productivity (1.0) will be accomplished in 40-hour work week, with everyone taking all of their holiold age and vacation days planned. It is regarding to all the engineering drawings must be 100% complete, there would be no delays of any kind, everyone would work safely, everything would fit perfectly at the first time, the live on would be 70 degrees Fahrenheit and there would be no litigation at the end of the project. But, we do not live in perfect world and true productivity is often poorly understood. The first challenge in understanding productivity is lacking of common terms. The definition of hours identified as direct labor should be consistent. Second is too much focus in determining productivity which is incorrectly placed on the individual worker. Productivity is something to do with the worker because many workers work at the same rates. The main thing should be focused in productivity measurement is proper or complete planning. It is because like-out-sequence work will contribute to lower productivity due to the rework hours required to complete the original task. The final challenge is how to make productivity similarity when the data used in productivity studies before have the same basis. Productivity i s not based on wage rates or cost data alone and it is improper to combine wage rate, hours and material quantities to make productivity comparison.According to Hwang and Liu, (2009), construction productivity studies have centered on the acknowledgement of factors that influence productivity and quantification of the impact of such factor on productivity. As a result, there were versatile qualitative and quantitative factors have been discovered and various methods for productivity have been presented. Majority of those methods are based on relationships between productivity and factors. Based on Thomas and Yiakoumis (1987), they stated that theory underlying the factor instance is the work of crew is affected by a number of factors. If the cumulative effect of these disturbances can be mathematically represented, then the expected material productivity can be estimate. But, it is not always feasible to quantify the impact of various factors and represent the relationships math ematically. Another limitation is the value of many cogitate factors in future is not available and thus, they have to be estimated. In fact, some of the factors can be correlated with others which the correlation whitethorn be high or lower under different situations.There is several research efforts have been devoted to developing models. The models that being used in the construction industry are such as belowAccording to Sonmez and Rowings, (1998) Portas and AbouRizk, (1997), recommended Neutral Network (NN) techniques which have been used to develop method of productivity prediction.Everett and Farghal, (1994), recommended learning curves that for various activities.Abdelhamid and Everett, (1999), have applied time series analysis to evaluate hoisting performance comparing the CRANIUM technology with the conventional technique.According to Brockwell and Davis, (2002), ARMA (autoregressive moving average) models are used to model time-lagged relationship of self-correlated obs ervations within a single series.Cumulative Average and Simple Moving Average that wisely used to model a single time seriesExponential Smoothing produce forecasts of weighted value of past observation with exponentially decreasing weights (NIST, 2006).Although there are numbers of publications exist on construction productivity, there is no agreed upon definition of work activities nor a standard productivity measurement system. Most of researchers have concluded that it is difficult to obtain a standard method to measure construction labor productivity because of project complexity and unique characteristics of the construction projects (Oglesby et al. 1989). The uniqueness and non repetitive of operation in construction projects make it is difficult to develop a standard productivity definition and measure (Sweis, 2000).Current measurement of productivity in construction industryOur labor productivity experts specialize in labor productivity analysis and may utilize the followin g industry-recognized methodologies, where appropriateMeasured Mile AnalysisWork try outComparable Work StudyGeneral and Specialty Industry Studies (Mechanical Contractors Association of America MCAA,Construction Industry Institute CII, Business Roundtable, etc.)Total Cost methodModified Total Cost MethodTime and Motion StudiesThe selection of a particular productivity analysis methodology is depends on the project facts, the character of the events being analyzed, the nature and extent of available labor data and may vary from project to project. Each of the above-referenced productivity analysis methodologies has inherent its own advantages and disadvantages. port Consulting has extensive experience handling construction labor productivity claims and construction claims consultants are skilled at tailoring productivity analysis approach to subject a projects needs and constraints (ICII, 2009).Factors influence productivity in constructionAccording to Tucker, (2003), he presente d the most factors that can affect the construction productivity especially on situate as belowDesign specifications, drawings, documents have to be improvedField support for timely responses have architect/engineer on site with field competencyCoordinate Design/ReviewTimely RFIs/RFPs (Request For Informations/Request For Proposals)Construction/Project management competencyHe also suggested that productivity improvement should be done based on this areaConstructability of the design documents with input of major(ip) contractors on schedulequality and realismCoordination among major contractorsPre-project planning communication and teamwork between owners, design professionals, contractors and laborImprovement of the construction management process.Parisi, (2008) presented that potential factors influence the construction productivity are many, including out-of-sequence work skilled labor shortages worker crowding/congested work areas interference of trades owner interference design problems and defects contractors inadequate management/supervision failure to properly staff the project extra time and acceleration.Lim et al (1995) studied factors affecting productivity in the construction industry in Singapore. Their findings indicated that the most important problems affectingproductivity were worry with recruitment of supervisors difficulty with recruitment of workers high rate of labour turnover absenteeism from the work site and communication problems with foreign workers. Olomolaiye et al (1996) studied factors affecting productivity of craftsmen in Indonesia, with their findings indicatingcraftsmen in Indonesia spent 75 % of their time working productively. Five specific productivity problems were identified ie lack of materials rework absenteeism lack of equipment and tools.Kane et al (cited in Herbsman et al, 1990) separate factors affecting construction productivity into two main groupings technological factors and administrative factors.The technol ogical factors encompass those related mostly to the design of the project the administrative group factors relate to the management and construction of the project. Technological factors comprise sub-groups such as design factors, material factors and location factors. Administrative factors comprise sub-groups, such as construction methods and procedural factors, equipment factors, labour factors, and social factors. Heizer and Render (1990) classified factors influencing site productivity into 3 groups labour characteristic factors project work conditions factors and nonproductive activities. Olomolaiye et al (1998) stated that factors affecting construction productivity are rarely constant, and may vary from country to country, from project to project, and even within the same project, depending on circumstances. They classified factors influencing construction productivity into 2 categories external and internal, representing those outside the control of the firms management, a nd those originating within the firm.. External factors included the nature of the industry, construction client knowledge of construction procedure, weather, and level of economic development. Internal factors included management, technology, labour, and labour unions. Enshassi et al 2006, Enshassi et al 2007, and Al Haddad 2007 stated that among the problems which the Palestinian construction industry is facing are material supply schedules and project scheduling techniques. Although a number of training courses were conducted to local contractors, these training efforts did not focus enough on the abilities to use project scheduling techniques such as Microsoft project and Primavera. Therefore training effort should also be tailored to improve methods of studying productivity and ways of productivity improvement on construction sites.The important productivity rate in project schedulingThe duration of construction project is a key factor to consider before starting a new project which is it can be determine project success of failure. Despite the uncertainty and risk level is very high in construction industry, current construction planning which is more relies on traditional deterministic scheduling method is still not clearly ascertain the level of uncertainty involved in the project. Subsequently, it can prolong a projects duration and cannot be completed within the allocation time of the project (Lee, et al., 2009).Construction projects are subjected to changes which it require constant performance monitoring and follow-up schedule updates. Project manager must take proactive attitude to analyze project data and to predict potential problems and delay in order to make timely decisions and to reduce the negative impact on cost and schedule (Hwang and Liu, 2005).Planning in construction is a complex and iterative process. A plan usually is prepared based on the estimates by the participants actual commitment. Therefore, construction productivity plan pla ys a significant role in the process. Based on Parisi, (2008), in estimating labor, there are several key factors that should be consideredProductivity of its field forces sexual union labor agreements and requirementsPast experience with the owner, designer, and construction managerLabor availabilitySpecialty tradesTherefore, if the actual construction work deviates from the anticipated plan, once the contract is sign and the project is underway, several situations may result as belowThe job may take more time because the progress is not being make at the rate projected in the original baseline schedule and thus, project completion must be extended. (In such cases, acceleration of the remaining activities may be implemented to recover time)More hours of labor may be required to install the work items because materials are not being installed by the contractors work force at the productivity rates (the anticipated quantities of material to be installed per hour) same as estimated i n the original bid.An overrun of both time and labor may occur.In order to succeed, the companies must make a phase affirmative action into the total management of productivity through a formalized, documented process such as depicted in Figure 2.0. The process should be started with historical productivity analysis. The knowledge that gained from this processes should then be utilized to forecast and manage future productivity. The supervisor that involved in this process must implement and monitor the predetermined productivity values. Only then the companies can be more competitive and successful in todays global marketFigure 2.0 A model to manage construction productivityConstruction industry seemed as low sector when there is low technology and low skilled employments occur. According to Saad, (2002), in order to raise level of construction productivity, it is recommended that the projects should have the following features spicy degree of standardizationDesign is preferred to use pre-fabricated units or pre-assemble forming systemBuilding system should be easy and simple to construct and repetitive hygienic managed construction methods with details planning and specificationHigh level of mechanized methods and skilled workersRoof worksRoof is a basic human need is for shelter, which for most of us consists of a few walls and a roof over our heads. Roofs come in many shapes and sizes. One of the main reasons for having a roof is to save up out rainwater and snow. The selection of roof is based on the following characteristicsStabilityProtection from the sun, weather, wind and rainDurablityHeat resistanceBrightness and ventilation systemBeautyConstruction of roof must be strong and able to support the load and stressed that going to happen. The load that is attributable to roof, firstly is deceased load which is the weight of the roof trusses, roof covering secondly is live load which is consists of tools, equipment, workers, rain water and lastly is wi nd load. Wind is a major stress to the roof which is difficult to forecast accurately.Roof stability is depends on the support such as roof trusses, column, walls, beams and foundation of the building.Design of roof also takes into account the respective functions of the building. Building for residential and office should have a comfortable situation in terms of condition, light, air and dam parts sounds. industrial buildings and warehouses may require heat insulation on the roof to maintain the same conditioning in buildings. Traffic in the building to allow use of the pillars supporting the roof of the short-range distance. Roof for theater and stadium, must be supported by long span of roof trusses and the support in the meat will distrupt the view and noise and sound effect protection from the audience.Productivity work to be consider in roof worksThe productivity works to be considered in this study as belowInstallation of roof trusses (cold form)Installation of insulationIns tallation of roof covering (concrete roof tiles and metal decking) no. of workers in groupDaily Productivity (m2)METHODPRODUCTIVITY OF ONE WORKING DAYHandlingHalf MechanizedFull Mechanized analysisFrom the literature review of the productivity in construction is important especially to provide accurate duration of task in building project scheduling.RerefencesDolman, B., Parham, D., Zheng, S. (2007), arouse Australia match US productivity performance?, Retrieved May 7, 2007, from http//www.pc.gov.au/ military mission/work/productivity/publications/reports.html.Diewert, W. E. and Lawrence, D. (2006), Measuring the contributions of productivity and terms of trade to Australias economic welfare, Retrieved May 7, 2007, from http//www.pc.gov.au/commission/work/productivity/publications/reports.html.Oglesby, C.H., Parker, H.W. and Howell, G.A., (1989), Construction productivity improvements, McGraw Hill, bran-new YorkAdrian, J.J. (1993), Construction Estimating An accounting and produc tivity approach 4th Edition, 1993Hwang, S. and Liu, L.Y. (2005), Proactive project control using productivity data and time series analysis, Computing in Civil Engineering 2005Thomas, H.R. and Mathew, C.T., (1986), An analysis of the methods for measuring construction productivity, SD 13, Construction Industry Institute, The University of Texas.Whiteside, J.D., (2006), Construction Productivity, AACE International Transaction, 2006Picard, (2005), Construction productivity qualifications, Cincinnati, Ohio, USAProkopenko, J.,(1987), Productivity management, Geneva International Labor Office.Jugdev, K., Thomas, J. and Delisle, C., (2001), Rethinking project management old truths and new insight, International Project Management ledger, 7(1), pp. 36-43Uusi-Rauva, E. and Hannula, M., (1996), Measurement A tool for productivity Improvement, 9th International Working Seminar on Production Economics, Innsbruck, pp. 13-29Halligan, D.W., Demsetz, L.A., Brown, J.D. and Pace, C.B., (1994), Action-response model and loss of productivity in construction, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 120 no 1, March 1994Teicholz, P., (2004), Labor productivity declines in the construction industry Causes and remedies, AECbytes Viewpoint 4, April 14 2004.Tucker, W.W., (2003), Construction Productivity Study Summary, Eastern Michigan University, 2003.Choy, C.F., (2008), Productive efficiency of Malaysian construction sector, Built-Environment Department, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia.Lee, H.S., Shin, J.W., Park, M. and Ryu, H.G, (2009), Probabilistic duration estimation model for high-rise structural work, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, December, 2009Hwang, S. and Liu, L.Y. (2009), Predicting short term productivity I Contemporaneous time series and forecasting Methodologies, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, December, 2009Sonmez, R. and Rowing, J.E., (1998), Construction labo r productivity modeling with neutral network, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, December, 124(6), 498-504Portas, J. and AbouRizk, S. (1997), Neutral network model estimating construction productivity, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 123(4), 399-410Everett, J.G. and Fargahl, S. (1994), Learning curve predictors for construction field operations, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 120(3), 603-614Abdelhamid, T.S. and Everett, J.G., (1999), Time series analysis for construction productivity experiments, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 125(2), 87-95NIST, (2006), Engineer statistic handbookOglesby, C.H., Parker, H.W., and Howell, G.A., (1989), Productivity improvement in construction, McGraw-Hill, New York.Sweis, G.J., (2000), Impact of conversion technology on productivity in masonry construction, PhD dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, III.Interface Consulting International, Inc.(ICII), 2009Parisi, R .F., (2008), When the best-laid plans go astray A primer on labor productivity, not bad(p) Project Management, Inc.Saad, D.A, (2002), Standard labor productivity of reinforced concrete building structures and factor affecting on it, Thesis presented to university of Technology, IraqFACTORS AFFECTING LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN BUILDINGPROJECTS IN THE GAZA STRIPAdnan Enshassi1, Sherif Mohamed2, Ziad Abu Mustafa1 and Peter Eduard Mayer3

The Components Of Attitude Education Essay

The Components Of Attitude Education EssayAttitude influences the way in which an private be make believes towards an object, institution, or a person. Our strength towards a air divisionicular object whitethorn be influenced by our p bents, school, teachers and society in which as an individual we live. jibe to Thurton (1929) attitude may also be defined as the sum total of mans inclination, feelings, threats and conviction about any specific result. Karlinger (1973) holds that attitude is an integral part of personality to think, to feel, and perceive to behave towards a referent and cognitive object.Attitude is very(prenominal) every(prenominal) classical(predicate) as it decides the behavior pattern of a person. Attitudes can be implicit and explicit. Implicit attitudes argon unconscious, exclusively still have an effect on our beliefs and behaviors. Explicit attitudes are those about which we are consciously aware of and they understandably influence our behaviors and beliefs. In the opinion of Bain (1927), an attitude is the relatively overt behavior of a person which affects his status. Jung (1921) defines attitude as a readiness of the psyche to act upon or react in a certain way.Components of AttitudeHarrison (1976) has identified three components in attitude as underBeliefs are what one considers worthy and undesirable.Attitudes are accompanied by emotions and influence each new(prenominal).The individual displays his attitude by his action (behavior).However, Wenden (1991) proposed a broader definition of the concept attitude. He has introduced these terms with a little change, although the theme is almost the same. He says that the term attitude holds three components asCognitiveAffectiveBehavioralCognitive component is made up of the beliefs and ideas or opinions about the object of the attitude. Rosenberg and Hovland (1969) suggest that cognitions include perceptions, concepts, and beliefs about the attitude object and these ar e usually expressed by verbal questions. Ajzen (1988) categorizes cognitive components into verbal and non-verbal responses. Cognitive responses of a verbal nature are expressions of beliefs about an attitude object. According to him, cognitive responses of a nonverbal kind are more touchy to assess, and the information they provide about attitudes is usually more indirect. Baker (1992) believes that the cognitive component reads thoughts and beliefs.Affective component refers to the feelings and emotions that one has towards an object, likes or dislikes, with or against. Ajzen (1988) believes that affective responses involve evaluations of, and feelings towards, the attitude object. Verbal affective responses can be expressions of admiration or disgust, cargo deck or disdain. On the other hand, facial expressions and other bodily reactions are assumed to signal nonverbal affective responses. Baker (1992) suggests that the affective component concerns feelings towards the targe t lecture, which may be love or hate of the wording, a anger for the poetry of the target verbiage, or an anxiety about encyclopaedism it. Also, Hermann-Brennecke (2000) defines the affective component as a feeling-based evaluative component.The behavioral component refers to ones consisting actions or behavioral intentions towards the object. Rosenberg and Hovland (1969) evaluate the behavioral component towards a situation with regard to a persons overt actions or verbal statements concerning behavior. These components of attitude consist of a tendency of an individual to behave in a particular way towards and object. Only this component of attitude is visible as the other two can only be inferred.Kinds of AttitudeThere are three kinds of attitudePositive Attitude is a kind of attitude that deal are likely to act consistently with.Negative Attitude is a kind of attitude where people act inconsistently with.Neutral Attitude refers to a situation where people feel themselves reluctant to take any definite decision and figure it difficult to make a choice either to go with something or non.With respect to positive attitude, people may become respective to the said attitude and tend to understand every situation which corresponds to it. On the other hand, with a negative attitude a persons act will non be consistent due to the distortion he wanted to accomplish.Attitude FormationAttitudes may be learned from the experiences we have. These include mostly mundane events such as be praised by our parents for expounding liberal attitudes, but also major life and world events. The basic processes through which we learn attitudes remain the same throughout life, though as we grow older the attitudes we learn may be more complex, and the ones we already hold may become more resistant to change. Attitudes are learned from our experience of the social context around us.Research has indicated that there are several ways in which attitudes are acquired. One of the earliest agents of attitude formation is parents. Later on world experience, fundamental interaction with the outer world plays a significance subroutine in the formation of attitude. Some of the psychological factors which play a vital role in attitude formation are discussed belowOperant conditioning.It involves voluntary responses. It is usually involve with the behavioral component of attitude. Behaviors tend to be repeated if they are rein mightd. Similarly behaviors tend to be stopped when they are punished.Direct instruction.The adoption of attitudes is right off told by the parents, schools, community, friends, as well as the impact of religion etc.Social erudition.It is based on modeling and observation. We observe others, if they are rewarded and receive appreciation for certain behaviors, we are reinforced and it is more likely, that we behave in the way to express this attitude.Rational analysis.It involves the careful weighing of evidence for, and against, a par ticular attitude. In other words it involves the careful observation of the evidence in order to take the right decision.Language AttitudeLanguage attitudes are the feelings people have about their own phraseology or the wordss of others (Crystal, 1992). Language attitude is different from other general attitudes in the sense that they are specifically about language. It is normally considered that language attitudes are relate to the language itself, its variety, its sound system, its semantic quality so on and so forth. In fact, the term language attitude is utilize by sociolinguists today, includes the outlook and our affiliation towards the speakers of a particular languages.Fasold (1984) suggests that attitudes towards a language are often a reflection of attitudes towards members of various ethnic groups. Language attitudes are changing all the time because the economic situation of a country may change, for the better or the worse, and so produce a different language atti tude among its speakers or potential speakers. The same changing language attitude goes for the choice of a foreign language where the niche and the learns determine the language status. In this respect, Calvet (2006) statesHuman beings are not always able to choose their languages, their choice is determined first and foremost by the milieu in which they find themselves, by the languages that coexist in this niche and then by their needs, and very little by the typological situation other coexisting languages.Second Language-Learning StrategiesAll language learners use language teaching strategies either consciously or unconsciously when processing new information and performing tasks in the language schoolroom. Since language classroom is like a problem-solving environment in which language learners are likely to face new input and difficult tasks given by their instructors, learners attempts to find the quickest or easiest way to do what is required, that is, using language d iscipline strategies is inescapable.The term language eruditeness strategy has been defined by many researchers. Wenden and Rubin (1987) define learning strategies as any sets of operations, steps, plans, routines used by the learner to facilitate the obtaining, storage, retrieval, and use of information. Richards and Platt (1992) state that learning strategies are intentional behavior and thoughts used by learners during learning so as to better help them understand, learn, or remember new information. Faerch Claus and Casper (1983) stress that a learning strategy is an attempt to develop linguistic and sociolinguistic competence in the target language.Classification of Language Learning Strategies by OMalleyOMalley (1985) divides language learning strategies into three main subcategoriesMetacognitive strategies.It can be stated that metacognitive is a term to express executive function, strategies which require planning for learning, thinking about the learning process as it is taking place, monitoring of ones production or comprehension, and evaluating learning after an activity is completed. Among the main metacognitive strategies, it is manageable to include advance organizers, directed attention, selective attention, self-management, functional planning, self-monitoring, delayed production, self-evaluation.Cognitive strategies.Cognitive strategies are more special to specific learning tasks and they involve more direct manipulation of the learning material itself. Repetition, resourcing, translation, grouping, note taking, deduction, recombination, imagery, auditory representation, key word, contextualization, elaboration, transfer, inference are among the most important cognitive strategies.Socioaffective strategies.As to the socio affective strategies, it can be stated that they are related with social-mediating activity and transacting with others. Cooperation and question for clarification are the main socioaffective strategies (Brown 1987).Atti tude and demand in L2 LearningIn the field of language attitudes, the term attitude and indigence are closely connected and related (Gardner, 1985). He believes that languages involve the learnedness of skills or behavior patterns which are characteristic of another cultural community. He discusses that the relative spirit level of success in second language accomplishment depends, to a certain extent, on the individuals attitude towards the other community as well as the beliefs in the community, which are relevant to the language learning process. He believes that the acquisition of a second language is a long and tough task so that any concept of motivation must include in it an attitudinal arse to sustain the motivation. He proposes that attitudes play a role in language learning through their influence on motivation. Educators accept that students have individual learning styles and vary in their attitudes towards learning in general (Deci, Flaste 1995).Two major clusters of motivation have been introduced by Gardner and Lambert (1972).Integrative indigenceInstrumental MotivationWhen students want to learn a language to become part of a speech community (integrate). People who immigrate to new countries are some examples of people who may want to identify with the community around them. An important aspect of this form of language learning is using language for social interaction. This form of motivation is thought to produce success in language learners.Learners may make efforts to learn an L2 for some functional reason to pass the examination to get a better job, or to get a place at university. In some learner context an slavish motivation seems to be the major force determining success in L2 learning. For example, in settings where students are motivated to learn an L2 because it opens the didacticsal and economic opportunities for them (Ellis, 1997).. Starks Paltridge (1996) mention that learning a language is closely related to the attitudes towards the language. Karahan (2007) suggests that positive language attitude let learner have positive orientation towards learning side. As such, attitudes may play a very critical role in language learning as they would appear to influence students success directly.Ellis (2000) mentions that positive attitudes towards the L2 and its speakers can be expected to enhance learning patch negative attitudes impede it. So, attitudes have an impact on the level of L2 proficiency achieved by individual learners. The learners with positive attitudes, who experience success, will have these attitudes reinforced. Similarly, learners negative attitude may be strengthened by lack of success.Holmes (1992) states that people develop attitudes towards languages which reflect their views about those who speak the languages, and the contexts and functions with which they are associated. Hermann-Brennecke (2000) points out the relationship between language and attitude language does not consis t only of forms, patterns and rules but is simultaneously bound up with the social, subjective and objective world, since it also carries the attitudes, habits and cultural characteristics of its speakers.The Status of position in PakistanIn Pakistani community where different languages co-exist, language attitudes play an important role in the lives of the users of these languages. Today there are more non- congenital than native users of English and English has become a world language. English language enjoys a high status in Pakistan as it is the language of education, law, science, technology, Government and a lingua franca among the provinces. It has become a status symbol, a refine medium of communication.English in Pakistan is used as an official and a second language. It is speak and used by a relatively small but extremely influential portion of countrys population in the domain of government administration, law, the military, the higher education, art and mass media (Ba umgardner 1993).According to Ghani (2003) English in Pakistan serves as a gateway to success, to make headway education and to white collar jobs. It is the language of higher education and wider education and not the home language of the population except in the upper strata of society where it is spoken as a status symbol. Socially, English adopted as a second language has had a significant impact both economically and educationally. It continues to play an important role in the countrys commercial and industrial emergence and outside the government sector.Attitude of Pakistani Students towards Learning EnglishLanguage policies have frequently failed in Pakistan where students attitudes to English language learning and use are mainly neglected. It is, therefore, important to study attitudes of students because if the learners have unfavorable attitudes to a target language, language policy implementation is unlikely to be successful(Baker,1992).Shahid Siddiqui (2007) discusses th e present scenario in Pakistan and states that every student up to Intermediate level has to study English as compulsory subject. He further states that there are a larger number of students who question the very existence of English as a compulsory subject. He claims that most of the students who belong to the rural background are not motivated to learn English.In Many cases the parents are not educated and cannot appreciate the decision of learning English. As a result the students feel that English is perhaps the privilege of the elitist class and only the bright students can acquire it. There is a small group of students who realize the importance of English as it is a passport to employment. Most of the students are willing to learn English just to get degrees instead of attempting to learn the language skills. As a result, they exit most of their time in rote memorization which is considered the best way of passing the examination.Rahman (1999), in his survey of students at titudes towards learning English has found that almost all the students, including the deeni madrassahs want to learn English. However, it seems that the reason for learning English is instrumental for them.Factors Affecting Attitude towards Learning EnglishThere are certain factors which can be attributed as to affect the attitude of students towards learning English.Role of Parents.Parents play an important role in the education of their children. Their involvement and encouragement can help a child excel. Alberta Education encourages parents to take an active role in the education of their children and provides resources to support their involvement.Parents are the major socialization agents who play a vital role in shaping childrens attitudes towards ethnic groups and language learning. Parents can also be actively involved in the learning process and promote success by encouraging children to study the foreign language, monitor their performance, correct mistakes, etc. On the o ther hand, if the parents are not literate in the second language, their children remain deprived in terms of the availability of interaction in a second language at home.Role of Personality Traits in L2 Learning.Personality is considered a very important category of individual differences since the individual is often judged depending on her/his personality. It has been frequently observed that different learners attain highly different levels of L2 proficiency even though the circumstances in which these learners acquire a target language are almost identical. This inter individual variation can be accounted for by learner-internal factors. extroversion/Introversion.Extroversion and introversion are personality characteristics that can influence language learning in a positive or negative way depending on the measured aspect. It is believed that extroverts, who are sociable and open to other people, are more successful in learning languages than introverts, because they have more contact with L2. On the other hand, well-organized and serious introverts are seen as better learners as far as the systematic study is concerned.Anxiety.Krashen (1985) maintained that anxiety inhibits the learners ability to process incoming language. An interaction is often found among anxiety, task difficulty, and ability, which interferes at the input, processing, retrieval, and at the output level. If anxiety impairs cognitive function, students who are anxious may learn less and also may not be able to demonstrate what they have learned. Therefore, they may experience even more failure, which in turn raise their anexity level.Age.Age has often been considered a major, if not the primary, factor determining success in learning a second or foreign language. Children are generally considered capable of acquiring a new language rapidly and with little effort, whereas adults are believed to be doomed to failure. Although older learners are indeed less likely than young children to master an L2, a close examination of studies relating age to language acquisition reveals that age differences reflect differences in the situation of learning rather than in capacity to learn. They do not demonstrate any constraint on the possibility that adults can become highly proficient, even native like, speakers of L2 (TODD, Marshall 2000).Degree of Instrumentality vs. Integration.It is supposed that the degree of instrumentality is also a an important factor whicvh effect the process of L2 learning. When the learners are motivated to learn a second language for utilitarian purpose i.e, to get a good job the level of success is supposed to be higher as compared to those who learn a second language for compositional purpose.According to Gardner and Lambart (1972 ) when a language is learnt for utilitarian purpose , the success in second language is supposed to be lower than if it is learnt for the integrative purpose but Meenakshi Verma states that this claim seems to be doub tful as the instrumentally motivated students are effectively learning English. The reason seems to be that the instrumental motivation works as a force to get a good job.Role of Teacher in L2 Learning.The role of teacher in affecting the attitudes of students cannot be falsified. A teacher plays a vital role for the students. He can serve as a facilitator, a guide, a fellow traveler, an advisor etc. If a teacher does not provide sufficient exposure to the target language, does not motivate the students, or does not provide them an opportunity to communicate, such teacher proves himself a threat for students. In such circumstances, if the student is asked to interact, the threat of teacher may hinder students progress.As Dornyei (2001) notes, teacher skills in motivating learners should be seen as central to teaching effectiveness. Students need both ample opportunities to learn and steady encouragement and support of their learning efforts. Because such motivation is unlikely to de velop in a chaotic classroom, it is important that the teacher organize and manage the classroom as an effective learning environment. Furthermore, because anxious students are unlikely to develop motivation to learn, it is important that learning occurs inside a relaxed and supportive atmosphere (Good and Brophy, 1994).In short, attitude is the sum total of a mans instinctions and feelings, prejudice or bias, preconceived notions, fears threats and convictions about any specified topic (Gardner, 1980). It can be described in other words as a mirror through which the inner emotions, feelings, beliefs, liking, disliking can be depicted.As these are the inner as well as the overt behaviors of individuals, they have a strong impact on decision making and finding the way for further progress. In the same perspective, an attitude towards learning a language depicts the way in which the learner feels about second language. It highlights the beliefs, in relation to the language which is be ing learnt.An attitude can be influenced by parents, teachers as well as by the society including the religion. Our affiliations, our interest as well as our purpose tail learning L2, all play a vital role in forming attitude towards learning a language. Having a review of the related literature, it may be concluded that these factors have a strong influence on the beliefs, liking and disliking of students and have an impact on their overall achievement in the second language learning.Rationale of the StudyThis study aims to examine the students attitude towards learning English. It focuses on the relationship between students attitude and their achievements in English language. In the light of this study, it is possible to put forward those factors like students attitude towards teachers, curriculum, and teachers methodologies that can be the causes of students low achievements in exams or their disinterest in the language learning.This study will show students positive or negativ e attitude towards learning English and their proficiency in it. It will take into account students experience and motivation provided by the teachers. As the aim of this study is to investigate the students attitude towards learning English language, it will show that either students want to learn English for integrative or for instrumental purpose. In short, this study is designed to highlight the attitude of male and female students and also to investigate the difference between the attitude of male and female students towards learning English.

Excessive Pride in Young Goodman Brown :: Nathaniel Hawthorne, YGB

Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown is an allegory. Hawthornes moral story is told through the perversion of a religious leader, Goodman Brown. Goodman is a Puritan minister who lets his excessive pride interfere with his relations with the community after he meets with the devil. The result is that Goodman lives the rest of his life in exile at bottom his own community. Young Goodman Brown begins when Faith, Browns wife, asks him not to go on an errand. Goodman Brown says to his love and (my) Faith that this one night I must tarry remote from thee. When he says his love and his Faith, he is talking to his wife, exactly he is also talking to his faith to God. He is venturing into the woods to meet with the Devil, and by doing so, he leaves his unquestionable faith in God with his wife. He resolves that he will cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven. This is an example of the excessive pride because he feels that he ordure sin and meet with the Devil because of this promise that he made to himself. There is a tremendous irony to this promise because when Goodman Brown comes back at traverse he can no longer look at his wife with the same faith he had before. When Goodman Brown finally meets with the Devil, he declares that the reason he was late was because Faith kept me back awhile. This statement has a double meaning because his wife physically prevented him from being on time for his meeting with the devil, but his faith to God psychologically delayed his meeting with the devil. The Devil had with him a mental faculty that bore the likeness of a great black snake. The staff which looked like a snake is a reference to the snake in the story of Adam and eventide. The snake led Adam and Eve to their destruction by leading them to the Tree of Knowledge. The Adam and Eve story is similar to Goodman Brown in that they are both seeking unfathomable amounts of knowledge. Once Adam and Eve ate from the Tree of Knowledge they were expelled from t heir paradise. The Devils staff eventually leads Goodman Brown to the Devils ceremony which destroys Goodman Browns faith in his fellow man, therefore expelling him from his utopia.